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18

2025

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06

Common methods for liquid level measurement

Since level sensors have a wide range of applications, each detection method comes with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Let’s now explore the common methods used for level measurement.

Common methods for level measurement:

Since level sensors have a wide range of applications, each detection method comes with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Let’s now explore the common methods used for level measurement.

1. Float-type Detection

This method is the simplest and oldest approach for detection, and it’s relatively inexpensive. It primarily works by monitoring changes in the liquid level through the up-and-down movement of a float. As a mechanical system, its accuracy can easily be affected by buoyancy forces, leading to inconsistent readings over time and requiring frequent recalibration when dealing with different liquids. Additionally, it’s not suitable for detecting thin or impurity-laden liquids, as these conditions can cause the float to become clogged. Finally, this method fails to meet the stringent hygiene standards required in the food industry.

2. Capacitive Measurement

Capacitive measurement primarily works by detecting changes in capacitance caused by variations in the height of liquid surfaces or bulk materials, thereby determining the material level. This method comes in various forms, including capacitive liquid level gauges that output analog signals, as well as capacitive proximity switches designed for non-contact detection when mounted on the side of a container. When selecting a system, it’s important to note that capacitive sensors can be easily influenced by differences in container materials and solution properties.

3. Hydrostatic Measurement

This measurement method uses a pressure sensor installed at the bottom, which detects the liquid pressure at the base and converts it into an accurate calculation of the liquid level height. The reference value for the bottom liquid pressure is either atmospheric pressure connected to the top or a known, predetermined air pressure. To ensure precise measurements, this method requires the use of a high-accuracy, flush-mounted pressure sensor—and the conversion process must be periodically calibrated to maintain accuracy.

 

 

4. Photoelectric Refractive Measurement

This detection method works by emitting a light source from within the sensor, which is totally reflected through a transparent resin layer directly onto the sensor receiver. However, when the light encounters the liquid surface, part of it refracts into the liquid, causing the sensor to detect a reduction in the amount of light that returns via total internal reflection—thus enabling it to monitor the liquid level. The method is cost-effective, with simple installation and setup procedures, though it can only be used for detecting transparent liquids and outputs only a binary (on/off) signal.

5. Tuning Fork Vibration Measurement

The tuning-fork sensor provides only a digital output and is not suitable for continuous monitoring of liquid levels. Its principle works as follows: When a liquid or bulk material fills the two vibrating forks, any change in the resonance frequency triggers a switch signal based on the detected frequency shift. This device is ideal for monitoring the levels of high-viscosity liquids or solid bulk materials—commonly used for applications like overflow alarms or low-level alerts—but it does not offer analog output. Additionally, in most cases, installation requires drilling a hole into the side of the container.

6. Ultrasonic Measurement

Since its principle relies on measuring the time difference between the emitted and reflected ultrasonic waves to calculate the liquid level height, it is particularly susceptible to energy losses during ultrasonic wave propagation. However, the device also boasts advantages such as ease of installation and high sensitivity, making it ideal for non-contact measurements when mounted in elevated positions. That said, when used in environments containing steam, dust layers, or similar conditions, the detection range will significantly decrease. Therefore, it’s not recommended for use in wave-absorbing environments like foam.

7. Microwave Principle Measurement

It goes by several different names within the industry and offers the benefits of laser measurement, such as easy installation, precise calibration, and excellent sensitivity. Additionally, it outperforms traditional laser detection methods by eliminating the need for frequent recalibration and providing versatile multi-function outputs. This makes it ideal for level monitoring in applications involving foam-filled liquids—unaffected by the liquid’s color—and even suitable for highly viscous fluids. It also experiences relatively minimal interference from external environmental factors. However, its typical measurement range is limited to heights below 6 meters.


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Industrial Control

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